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Weight converter newtons4/29/2023 ![]() These energies tend to be much smaller than the mass of the object multiplied by c 2, which is on the order of 10 17 joules for a mass of one kilogram. In Newtonian mechanics, a motionless body has no kinetic energy, and it may or may not have other amounts of internal stored energy, like chemical energy or thermal energy, in addition to any potential energy it may have from its position in a field of force. In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equivalent and they differ only by a constant, the speed of light squared ( c 2). Mass–energy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or massive objects, have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary. The formula and its relationship to momentum, as described by the energy–momentum relation, were later developed by other physicists. The principle first appeared in "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?", one of his annus mirabilis papers, published on 21 November 1905. Einstein was the first to propose the equivalence of mass and energy as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time. Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré. The principle is fundamental to many fields of physics, including nuclear and particle physics. The energy, and mass, can be released to the environment as radiant energy, such as light, or as thermal energy. The equivalence principle implies that when energy is lost in chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, and other energy transformations, the system will also lose a corresponding amount of mass. Massless particles such as photons have zero invariant mass, but massless free particles have both momentum and energy. It is a fundamental physical property that is independent of momentum, even at extreme speeds approaching the speed of light (i.e., its value is the same in all inertial frames of reference). Rest mass, also called invariant mass, is the mass that is measured when the system is at rest. Because the speed of light is a large number in everyday units (approximately 300 000 km/s or 186 000 mi/s), the formula implies that a small amount of rest mass corresponds to an enormous amount of energy, which is independent of the composition of the matter. The formula defines the energy E of a particle in its rest frame as the product of mass ( m) with the speed of light squared ( c 2). The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's famous formula: E = m c 2. ![]() In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two values differ only by a constant and the units of measurement.
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